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英语语法 动词的时态2

我要评论(0) 字号:T T 03-22 19:08:12   浏览次数:907  栏目:高中英语语法
标签:高中英语语法大全,高中英语语法总结,http://www.qingsong8.com 英语语法 动词的时态2,
11.12 比较since和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如:
  I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。
  I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。
  注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
   I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)
   I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。)
  注意:用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。
  1)(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
  2)(错) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
    显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.

11.13 since的四种用法
  1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。例如:
  I have been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在这儿。
  2) since +一段时间+ ago。例如:
  I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿,已经有五个月了。
  3) since +从句。例如:
  Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后,变化可大了。
  Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后,变化可大了。
  4) It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如:
  It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。

11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词
1) 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如:
   He has completed the work.  他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)
   I've known him since then.   我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历) 
2) 用于till / until从句的差异
   延续动词用于肯定句,表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句,表示"到……,才……"。例如:
   He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o'clock.  他一直睡到10点。    
典型例题
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times. 
A. had met B. have met  C. met D. meet
  答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,several times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
  ---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been  B. had been  C. was D. will be
  答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。

11.15 过去完成时
1) 概念:表示过去的过去
----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前  那时 现在      
2) 用法
  a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如:
   She said (that)she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。
  b. 状语从句
   在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。例如:
   When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。
  c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"。例如:
   We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来。
3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如:
  He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。
  By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生。 
  Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
汤姆失望了,因为他到达晚会时,大部分客人已经走了。
典型例题 
  The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office. 
A. had written, left B,were writing, has left  C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
  答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前,因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下,when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。
注意: had hardly… when  还没等…… 就……。例如:
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门,他就打了我。
had no sooner…than   刚…… 就……。例如:
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了。
 
11.16 用一般过去时代替过去完成时
1) 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but 等连词时,多用一般过去时。例如:
   When she saw the mouse,she screamed. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起来。
   My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了。
2 ) 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。例如:
   When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3) 叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。例如:
   Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.

11.17 将来完成时
 1) 构成will have done
 2) 概念 
a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如:
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。
  b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如:
   You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时,你已经到达上海了。 
   
11.18 现在进行时
  现在进行时的基本用法:
  a. 表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如:
   We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。
  b. 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。例如:
   Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)
  c. 表示渐变,这样的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如:
   The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。
   It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。
  d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如:
   You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。
典型例题
  My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it. 
  A. has lost, don't find   B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found  D. is missing, haven't found.  
  答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态,应用进行时,由于没有找到,其影响仍然存在,应用完成时,瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。

11.19 不用进行时的动词
1)表示事实状态的动词,如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如:I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。
   This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。
 2)表示心理状态的动词,如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如:I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。
   He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。
 3)瞬间动词,如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如:
   I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。
 4)系动词,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如:
   You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。 

11.20 过去进行时
1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生。
3) 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如:
   My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.  我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤。
   It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时,正下着雨。
   When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂。
典型例题
1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger. 
A. made  B. is making  C. was making  D. makes
 答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时。同时,when表时间的同时性,"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景,因此用过去进行时。
2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A. read;was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read;fell
 答案B.句中的as = when, while,意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时,用过去进行;一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时,奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell(fall的过去时),是系动词,后跟形容词,如:fall sick。

11.21 将来进行时
1) 概念:表示将来某时进行的状态或动作,或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如:
   She'll be coming soon. 她会很快来的。
   I'll be meeting him sometime in the future. 将来我一定去见他。
注意:将来进行时不用于表示"意志",不能说 I'll be having a talk with her.
2)常用的时间状语有soon, tomorrow, this evening,on Sunday, by this time,tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如:By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. 明天此时,我正躺在海滩上呢。

11.22 一般现在时代替一般将来时
When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引导的时间状语从句,条件句中,用一般现在时代替将来时。例如: 
 He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京,就去看他姨妈。
典型例题
(1)He said he________me a present unless I_______ in doing the experiment.
  A. had not given; had not succeeded  B. would not give; succeeded
  C. will not give; succeed       D. would not give; will succeed.
  答案B. 在时间,条件或让步主语从句中一般不用将来时。本题有He said,故为过去式。主句用将来时,故选B. 此处用一般过去式代替了过去将来时。
(2) 表示现在已安排好的未来事项,行程等活动。例如:
  The museum opens at ten tomorrow. 博物馆明天10点开门。(实际上每天如此。)

11.23 一般现在时代替一般过去时
1 ) "书上说","报纸上说"等。例如:
  The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。
 2) 叙述往事,使其生动。例如:
  Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进,大战开始了。

11.24 一般现在时代替现在完成时
1) 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时,如hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember等。例如:
  I hear (= have heard) he will go to London. 我听说了他将去伦敦。
  I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is. 我忘了他多大了。
2) 用句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"。例如:
It is (= has been) five years since we last met. 从我们上次见面以来,五年过去了。

11.25 一般现在时代替现在进行时。
在Here comes…/There goes…等句型里,用一般现在时代替现在进行时。例如:
  There goes the bell. 铃响了。

11.26 现在进行时代替将来时
1) 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。例如: 
   Are you staying with us this weekend? 和我们一起度周末好吗?
   We are leaving soon.  我们马上就走。
2) 渐变动词,如get, run, grow, become, begin以及瞬间动词die等。例如:
   He is dying. 他要死了。

11.27 时态一致
  1) 如果从句所叙述的为真理或相对不变的事实,则用现在时。例如:
  At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. 那时,人们不知道地球是动的。
  He told me last week that he is eighteen. 上星期他告诉我他十八岁了。
  2) 宾语从句中的,助动词ought, need, must, dare 的时态是不变的。例如:
  He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 他认为我不必告诉你真相。

11.28 时态与时间状语
时态 时间状语
一般现在时 every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday等
一般过去时 yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now等
一般将来时 next…, tomorrow, in+一段时间, before+时间点等
现在完成时 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently等
过去完成时 before, by+过去的时间, until, when, after, once等
过去进行时 this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while等
将来进行时 soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening,英语语法 动词的时态2
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